Corrections & Retractions
A transparent framework for correcting the academic record, addressing significant errors, and retracting published research when the reliability or integrity of the scholarly record requires formal action.
Protecting the Accuracy of the Research Record
Scholarly publishing is a human process and errors can occur. O.G IJRIS recognizes that maintaining academic integrity does not mean pretending that published work is never imperfect. Instead, the journal is committed to correcting the record openly, proportionately, and responsibly whenever a material error or integrity concern is identified.
Purpose of This Framework
Corrections and retractions are not intended to punish authors automatically. Their primary purpose is to preserve the accuracy, transparency, reliability, and traceability of the academic record.
Accuracy
Ensure that published information remains as accurate and reliable as reasonably possible.
Transparency
Make significant changes or integrity concerns visible to readers rather than silently altering the record.
Traceability
Preserve a clear relationship between the original publication and any subsequent correction or notice.
When a Correction May Be Appropriate
A correction may be considered where an error affects the published record but does not fundamentally invalidate the central findings or conclusions of the work.
Factual or Numerical Error
A mistake in a value, table, figure, reference, calculation, date, name, or other factual detail that requires clarification.
Figure or Table Error
An incorrect label, duplicated image, misplaced value, or presentation problem that can be accurately corrected.
Metadata or Attribution Error
Errors involving author names, affiliations, acknowledgements, references, or other publication metadata.
Interpretive Clarification
A clarification may be required where wording could materially mislead readers without invalidating the underlying research.
Correction or Retraction?
The appropriate editorial action depends on the seriousness of the issue and its effect on the reliability of the published work.
Correction
A correction is generally appropriate when the published work remains substantially reliable but contains an error that should be formally identified and corrected.
- Material factual or presentation error.
- Incorrect metadata or attribution.
- Correctable figure, table, or reference issue.
- Clarification needed to prevent misunderstanding.
Retraction
Retraction may be considered when the reliability of the published work is fundamentally compromised or when serious integrity concerns make continued reliance on the publication inappropriate.
- Major errors invalidating important conclusions.
- Fabrication or falsification.
- Substantial plagiarism or duplicate publication.
- Serious ethical or integrity concerns.
Corrections & Retractions Decision Path
O.G IJRIS seeks to assess concerns systematically before taking formal action. The process may vary according to the nature and urgency of the issue.
Concern Raised
A concern is reported or identified.
Initial Assessment
The issue is reviewed for relevance and credibility.
Evidence Review
Available evidence and publication records are examined.
Author Response
Authors may be invited to respond where appropriate.
Editorial Decision
Correct, clarify, investigate, or retract as justified.
Record Update
The academic record is updated transparently.
Corrections should not normally erase the existence of the original publication. The objective is to maintain a transparent scholarly record in which readers can understand what was originally published and what was subsequently changed or formally reconsidered.
Post-Publication Integrity
O.G IJRIS accepts that important information may emerge after publication. The journal may therefore review credible post-publication concerns involving accuracy, ethics, originality, authorship, conflicts of interest, research integrity, or other matters affecting the scholarly record.
Responsibilities of Authors
Report Errors
Authors should promptly notify the journal when they identify a significant error in their published work.
Cooperate
Authors should cooperate with reasonable requests for clarification, evidence, or documentation.
Support Transparency
Authors should not conceal material information that could affect the reliability of the published record.
Editorial Responsibilities
Fair Assessment
Concerns should be assessed objectively and proportionately without assuming wrongdoing before evidence is considered.
Documentation
Significant editorial actions should be appropriately documented so that the decision remains traceable.
Clear Notices
Published corrections and retractions should clearly communicate the nature and significance of the action.
AI, Digital Research & Post-Publication Correction
Artificial intelligence and digital research tools may introduce new forms of error, including inaccurate generated text, incorrect references, fabricated citations, data interpretation problems, or undocumented use of automated systems.
Where an AI-assisted or technology-related error materially affects the published record, the same principles of transparency, human responsibility, correction, and accountability apply.
- AI output remains subject to human verification.
- Incorrect automated content should be corrected when material.
- AI use does not transfer academic responsibility to the technology provider.
- Researchers remain responsible for the accuracy of their published work.
- Material post-publication AI-related errors may require formal correction or further editorial action.
Principles Governing Retraction
Evidence-Based
Retraction should be based on credible evidence and a reasoned editorial assessment.
Proportionate
The editorial response should correspond to the seriousness and effect of the identified problem.
Transparent
The reason for retraction should be communicated as clearly as reasonably possible.
O.G IJRIS Commitment
O.G IJRIS is committed to protecting the integrity of the scholarly record through responsible correction, transparent editorial action, and proportionate retraction when required. The journal recognizes that correcting the record is not a weakness of academic publishing; it is an essential part of responsible scholarship.